Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
The crime of homosexuality is one of the greatest of crimes,
the worst of sins and the most abhorrent of deeds, and Allaah punished those
who did it in a way that He did not punish other nations. It is indicative
of violation of the fitrah, total misguidance, weak intellect and lack of
religious commitment, and it is a sign of doom and deprivation of the mercy
of Allaah. We ask Allaah to keep us safe and sound.
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And (remember) Loot (Lot), when he said to his people:
‘Do you commit the worst sin such as none preceding you has committed in the
‘Aalameen (mankind and jinn)?
81. ‘Verily, you practise your lusts on men instead of
women. Nay, but you are a people transgressing beyond bounds (by committing
great sins).’
82. And the answer of his people was only that they said:
‘Drive them out of your town, these are indeed men who want to be pure (from
sins)!’
83. Then We saved him and his family, except his wife; she
was of those who remained behind (in the torment).
84. And We rained down on them a rain (of stones). Then
see what was the end of the Mujrimoon (criminals, polytheists and sinners)”
[al-A’raaf 7:80-84]
“Verily, by your life (O Muhammad), in their wild
intoxication, they were wandering blindly.
73. So As‑Saihah (torment — awful cry) overtook them at
the time of sunrise.
74. And We turned (the towns of Sodom in Palestine) upside
down and rained down on them stones of baked clay.
75. Surely, in this are signs for those who see (or
understand or learn the lessons from the Signs of Allaah).
76. And verily, they (the cities) were right on the
highroad (from Makkah to Syria, i.e. the place where the Dead Sea is now)”
[al-Hijr 15:72-76]
al-Tirmidhi (1456), Abu Dawood (4462)and Ibn Maajah (2561)
narrated that Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The
Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Loot, execute the one
who does it and the one to whom it is done.”. Classed as saheeh by
al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi.
Ahmad (2915) narrated from Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased
with him) that the Prophet of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him) said: “May Allaah curse the one who does the action of the people
of Loot, may Allaah curse the one who does the action of the people of
Loot,” three times. This was classed as hasan by Shu’ayb al-Arna’oot in
Tahqeeq al-Musnad.
The Sahaabah were unanimously agreed on the execution of
homosexuals, but they differed as to how they were to be executed. Some of
them were of the view that they should be burned with fire, which was the
view of ‘Ali (may Allaah be pleased with him) and also of Abu Bakr (may
Allaah be pleased with him), as we shall see below. And some of them thought
that they should be thrown down from a high place then have stones thrown at
them. This was the view of Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him).
Some of them thought that they should be stoned to death,
which was narrated from both ‘Ali and Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased
with them).
After the Sahaabah, the fuqaha’ differed concerning the
matter. Some of them said that the homosexual should be executed no matter
what his situation, whether he is married or not.
Some of them said that he should be punished in the same way
as an adulterer, so he should be stoned if he is married and flogged if he
is not married.
Some of them said that a severe punishment should be carried
out on him, as the judge sees fit.
Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allaah be pleased with him) discussed this
issue at length, and he mentioned the evidence and arguments of the fuqaha’,
but he supported the first view. This is explained in his book al-Jawaab
al-Kaafi’ li man sa’ala ‘an al-Dawa’ al-Shaafi, which he wrote to deal
with this immoral action. We will quote some of what he said:
Because the evil consequences of homosexuality are among the
worst of evil consequences, so its punishment is one of the most severe of
punishments in this world and in the Hereafter.
The scholars differed as to whether it is to be punished more
severely than zina, or whether the punishment for zina should be more
severe, or whether the punishments should be the same. There are three
points of view:
Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq, ‘Ali ibn Abi Taalib, Khaalid ibn
al-Waleed, ‘Abd-Allaah ibn al-Zubayr, ‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Abbaas, Maalik,
Ishaaq ibn Raahawayh, Imam Ahmad according to the more sound of the two
reports from him and al-Shaafa’i according to one of his opinions, were of
the view that the punishment for homosexuality should be more severe than
the punishment for zina, and the punishment is execution in all cases,
whether the person is married or not.
Al-Shaafa’i, according to the well-known view of his madhhab,
and Imam Ahmad according to the other report narrated from him, were of the
view that the punishment for the homosexual should be the same as the
punishment for the adulterer.
Imam Abu Haneefah was of the view that the punishment for the
homosexual should be less severe than the punishment for the adulterer, and
it is a punishment to be determined by the judge (ta’zeer).
Those who favoured the first view, who are the majority of
the ummah – and more than one scholar narrated that there was consensus
among the Sahaabah on this point – said that there is no sin that brings
worse consequences than homosexuality, and they are second only to the evil
consequences of kufr, and they may be worse than the consequences of murder,
as we shall see below in sha Allaah.
They said: Allaah did not test anyone with this major sin
before the people of Loot, and He punished them with a punishment that He
did not send upon any other nation; He combined all kinds of punishment for
them, such as destruction, turning their houses upside down, causing them to
be swallowed up by the earth, sending stones down upon them from the sky,
taking away their sight, punishing them and making their punishment ongoing,
and wreaking vengeance upon them such as was not wrought upon any other
nation. That was because of the greatness of the evil consequences of this
crime which the earth can hardly bear if it is committed upon it, and the
angels flee to the farthest reaches of heaven and earth if they witness it,
lest the punishment be sent upon those who do it and they be stricken along
with them. The earth cries out to its Lord, may He be blessed and exalted,
and the mountains almost shift from their places.
Killing the one to whom it is done is better for him than
committing this act with him, because if a man commits sodomy with another
man, in effect he kills him in such a way that there is no hope of life
after that, unlike murder where the victim is wronged and is a martyr. They
said: the evidence for that (i.e., that the evil consequences of
homosexuality are worse than those of murder) is the fact that in the case
of murder, Allaah gives the next of kin the choice: if he wishes he may have
him executed and if he wishes he may let him off, but He enjoined executing
the homosexual as a hadd punishment, as the companions of the Messenger of
Allaah were unanimously agreed, and as is clearly indicated by the Sunnah of
the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and
there is no evidence to the contrary; rather this is what his companions and
the Rightly-Guided Caliphs (may Allaah be pleased with them all) did.
It is narrated from Khaalid ibn al-Waleed that he found a man
among one of the Arab tribes with whom men would have intercourse as with a
woman. He wrote to Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq (may Allaah be pleased with him) and
Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq consulted the Sahaabah (may Allaah be pleased with
them). ‘Ali ibn Abi Taalib had the strongest opinion of all of them, and he
said: “No one did that but one of the nations, and you know what Allaah did
to them. I think that he should be burned with fire.” So Abu Bakr wrote to
Khaalid and he had him burned.
‘Abd-Allaah ibn ‘Abbaas said: The highest point in the town
should be found and the homosexual should be thrown head first from it, then
stones should be thrown at him.
Ibn ‘Abbaas derived this hadd punishment from the punishment
that Allaah sent upon the homosexuals of the people of Loot.
Ibn ‘Abbaas is the one who narrated from the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) the words: “Whoever you find
doing the action of the people of Loot, execute the one who does it and the
one to whom it is done.” This was narrated by the authors of al-Sunan
and was classed as saheeh by Ibn Hibbaan and others. Imam Ahmad quoted this
hadeeth as evidence, and its isnaad meets the conditions of al-Bukhaari.
They said: and it is narrated that he said: “May Allaah curse
the one who does the action of the people of Loot, may Allaah curse the one
who does the action of the people of Loot, may Allaah curse the one who does
the action of the people of Loot,” and it is not narrated that he cursed the
adulterer three times in one hadeeth. He cursed those who do a variety of
major sins, but he did not curse any of them more than once, but he repeated
the curse for the homosexual three times. The companions of the Messenger of
Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) agreed unanimously
that the homosexual is to be executed, and none of them differed concerning
that. Rather they differed as to the method of execution. Some people
thought that this difference means that they disagreed about executing him,
so they narrated it as a matter concerning which the Sahaabah differed, but
it is a matter concerning which there was consensus among them, not a matter
of difference.
And they said: Whoever ponders the words of Allaah
(interpretation of the meaning):
“And come not near to unlawful sex. Verily, it is a
Faahishah (i.e. anything that transgresses its limits: a great sin), and an
evil way (that leads one to hell unless Allaah Forgives him)”
[al-Isra’ 17:32]
and what He says about homosexuality (interpretation of the
meaning):
“And (remember) Loot (Lot), when he said to his people: Do
you commit the worst sin such as none preceding you has committed in the
‘Aalameen (mankind and jinn)?”
[al-A’raaf 7:80]
will see the difference between them. When Allaah mentioned
zina, He described it as a “great sin” (faahishah – indefinite) among
other great sins, but when He mentioned homosexuality, He called it “the
worst sin” (al-faahishah – definite). This suggests that it contains all the
essence of evil and sin.
End quote from al-Jawaab al-Kaafi (p. 260-263).
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him)
said: With regard to homosexuality, some of the scholars said that the hadd
punishment for it is the same as the hadd punishment for zina, and it was
said that it is less than that. But the correct view on which the Sahaabah
were unanimously agreed is that both are to be killed, the active and the
passive partners, whether they are married or not. The authors of
al-Sunan narrated from Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) that
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever
you find doing the action of the people of Loot, execute the one who does it
and the one to whom it is done.” And Abu Dawood narrated from Ibn ‘Abbaas
concerning the unmarried person who commits a homosexual act that he said:
He is to be stoned. And something similar was narrated from ‘Ali ibn Abi
Taalib (may Allaah be pleased with him). The Sahaabah did not differ
concerning the ruling that the homosexual is to be executed, but they
differed concerning the methods. It was narrated from Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq
(may Allaah be pleased with him) that he is to be burned, and from others
that he is to be executed.
It was narrated from some of them that a wall is to be
knocked down on top of him until he dies beneath it.
And it is said that both should be detained in the foulest of
places until they die.
It was narrated from some of them that he should be taken up
to the highest place in the town and thrown down from it, to be followed
with stones, as Allaah did to the people of Loot. This was narrated from Ibn
‘Abbaas. According to the other report, he is to be stoned. This was the
view of the majority of the salaf. They said: because Allaah stoned the
people of Loot, and stoning is prescribed for the zaani by analogy with the
stoning of the homosexual. Both are to be stoned, whether they are free or
slaves, or one of them is the slave of the other, if they have reached the
age of puberty. If one of them has not reached the age of puberty, he is to
be punished but not stoned, and none is to be stoned except one who has
reached puberty. End quote from al-Siyaasah al-Shar’iyyah, p. 138.
Secondly:
The one to whom it is done is like the one who does it,
because they both took part in the sin. So both are to be punished by
execution, as it says in the hadeeth. But two exceptions may be made to
that:
1 – One who is forced into sodomy by means of beating, death
threats and the like. He is not subject to any hadd punishment.
It says in Sharh Muntaha al-Iraadaat (3/348): There is
no hadd punishment if the one who has been sodomized is forced into it, such
as if the one who did it overpowered him or threatened him with death or
beating and the like. End quote.
2 – If the one to whom it was done is a minor and has not
reached the age of puberty. There is no hadd punishment in this case, but he
should be disciplined and punished in a way that will deter him from
committing this crime, as stated above in the quotation from Shaykh al-Islam
Ibn Taymiyah.
Ibn Qudaamah (may Allaah have mercy on him) narrated in
al-Mughni (9/62) that there is no difference of opinion among the scholars
concerning the fact that the hadd punishment should not be carried out on
one who is insane or a boy who has not yet reached the age of puberty.
And Allaah knows best.
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